Introduction to Anatomy

Definitions

•Anatomy

•Physiology

•Pathology

•Pathophysiology

PATHOLOGY

•Pathology is a branch of medical science primarily concerning the cause, origin and nature of disease. It involves the examination of tissues, organs, bodily fluids and autopsies in order to study and diagnose disease.

Pathologists do not work only with the dead. In fact, although some pathologists do perform autopsies Every time someone has a blood test, cervical smear or a lump removed, it’s a pathologist who looks at the specimen to work out if there is any disease present or not.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

• the physiology of abnormal, The functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury.

• The scientific study of such changes. In both senses also called physiopathology

The Hierarchy of Structural Organizatio

• Chemical level – atoms form molecules

• Cellular level – cells and their functional subunits

• Tissue level – a group of cells performing a common function

• Organ level – a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue

• Organ system – organs working together for a common purpose

• Organismal level – the result of all simpler levels working in unison

• System = a group of many organs with functions closely linked together I a general task.

• Organ = a complex structure (of different tissues) with a specific function.

• Tissue = cluster of cells with similar characteristics. Tissues are distributed throughout the body in a “transverse” fashion.

Overview of Anatomy

Branches of anatomy

• Gross anatomy

• Microscopic anatomy

Cytology

Histology

• Developmental anatomy

Embryology

• Comparative anatomy

Gross Anatomy

• That which can be seen with the naked eye

Kinds:

• Regional: study of all systems in a given area (Head)

• Systemic: study of body astructure by systems

• Surface: study of external features

• Surgical: study of anatomical landmarks important during surgical procedures

Systemic Anatomy

•Study structure of major body systems

•SYSTEMS

1. Integumentary

2. Skeletal

3. Muscular

4. Cardiovascular

5. Lymphatic

6. Immune

7. Nervous

8. Endocrine

9. Respiratory

10. Digestive

11. Urinary

12. Reproductive

Microscopic Anatomy

• The study of the structure of cells, tissues, and organs of the body as seen with a microscope.

• Cytology: study of cellular structure

• Histology: study of tissues

Cytology

•Studies the internal structure of individual cells

•Cyto= “cell” ology= “study of”

•“unit of Life”

•50-100 trillion

cells in the body

Histology

•Study of structure & organization of groups of cells and tissues

•Tissue= groups of organized specialized cells that perform similar functions

Four basic types of tissue

–Epithelium

–Connective tissue

–Muscle tissue

–Nervous tissue

Comparative anatomy: study of the comparison of human anatomy with that of other animals

•All vertebrates share a basic pattern of organization, most noticeable during embryology.

Anatomical Terminology

• Anatomic position is a specific body position in which an individual stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor.

• The head is level, and the eyes look forward toward the observer.

• The arms are at either side of the body with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body.

• A plane is an imaginary surface that slices the body into specific sections.

• The three major anatomic planes of reference are the coronal, transverse, and sagittal planes.

Anatomical position

Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward.

Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body.

• A coronal plane, also called a frontal plane, is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.

• Frontal Plane- Longitudinal section into anterior (front) & posterior (back) halves

• A transverse plane, also called a cross-sectional plane or horizontal plane, cuts perpendicularly along the long axis of the body or organ separating it into both superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts.

• Transverse Plane- Horizontal plane divides body into superior (top) & inferior (bottom) halves(Cross sections)

• A sagittalplane or median plane, extends through the body or organ vertically and divides the structure into right and left halves.

• Longitudinal section into left & right halves

• Midsagittal down the midline

• A sagittal plane in the body midline is a midsagittal plane.

• A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but either to the left or the right of it, is termed a parasagittal (or sagittal) plane.

• A minor plane, called the oblique plane, passes through the specimen at an angle.

•Oblique section through the trunk

Directional Terms of the Body

Directional terms are precise and brief, and for most of them there is a correlative term that means just the opposite.

Relative to front (belly side) or back (back side) of the body :

• Anterior = In front of; toward the front surface

• Posterior = In back of; toward the back surface

• Dorsal =At the back side of the human body

• Ventral = At the belly side of the human body

Four-footed body directions

Relative to the head or tail of the body:

• Superior = Toward the head or above

• Inferior = Toward feet not head

• Caudal = At the rear or tail end

• Cranial = At the head end

Relative to the midline or center of the body:

• Medial = Toward the midline of the body

• Lateral = Away from the midline of the body

• Deep = On the inside, underneath another structure

• Superficial = On the outside

Relative to point of attachment of the appendage:

• Proximal = Closest to point of attachment to trunk

• Distal = Furthest from point of attachment to trunk

Body Positions

•Supine

–Lying down in the anatomical position with face up

•Prone

–Lying down in the anatomical position with face down

ANATOMICAL TERMS OF MOVEMENT

•Flexion: A movement by which the angle of a joint is decreased

•Extension: A movement by which the angle of a joint is increased

•Adduction: Movement toward the central axis

•Abduction: Movement away from the central axis

•Medial rotation: Rotation toward the medial side of the body

•Lateral rotation: Rotation towards the lateral side of the body

Body Cavities

•Dorsal body cavity

•Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity.

–Cranial cavity houses the brain.

–Vertebral cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord

•Ventral body cavity – subdivided into:

–Thoracic cavity – divided into three parts

•Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity

•Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac

•Ventral body cavity

–Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts

•Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs

•Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum

Latin and Greek Prefixes and Suffixes

Acro- extremity. Acrophobia is a fear of heights. Adeno- gland. Adenoid is a lymph gland found in the nasopharynx. Alba- white. Albinsm is the white appearance of skin lacking melanin. Algia- pain. Neuroalgia is a pain following the course of a nerve. Angi- vessel. Angioplasty is the repair of a blood vessel. Arthro- joint. Arthritis is the inflammation of skeletal joints. Auto- self. Autolysis is the destruction of body cells by bodily enzymes.

Bio- living. Biology is the study of living organisms. Blast- germ, bud. Osteoblast is the germ of a bone cell. Blephar- eyelid. A blepharoplasty is eyelid surgery. Brachi- arm. The brachialis muscle moves the arm. Broncho- trachea, windpipe. Bronchitis is the inflammation of the respiratory system. Bucc- cheek. The buccinator muscle is in the cheek.

Capit- head. De-capitate means "Off With the Head!" Carcin- cancer. A carcinogen is a substance which triggers cancer formation. Cardia- heart. Cardiologist is a heart specialist. Cephal- head. Cephalon is another term for the brain. (see capit-) Cerebro- brain. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is fluid circulating within the brain and spinal cord. Chole- bile, gall. Cholecestectomy is removal of the gallbladder. Chondro- cartilage. A chondrocyte is a cartilage cell. Chroma- color. Chromosomes are so named because they took color easily when dye is added to a cell. Cili- eyelash. Supercilia are eyebrows -- the hairs above the eyelashes. Corpus- body. Corpus albicans is the white body inside an ovary. Corona Crown. Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle run along the heart, encircling it like a crown.The coronary ligaments of the liver (which encircle the liver like a crown), the coronal suture and the corona of the glans penis, all structures which encircle something (like a crown). Cost- rib. Costal cartilages attach ribs to the sternum. Cut- skin. Cutaneous tissue is skin tissue. Cysti- sac, bladder. Cyto- cell. Cytology is the study of cells.

Dactyl- digits. Polydactylism is the presence of more fingers than is normal. Derma- skin. Dermatologists are skin specialists. (see cut-) Dura- tough, hard. Dura mater is the tough covering around the brain and spinal cord.

Entero- intestine. Enteritis is inflammation of the intestines. Erythro- red. Erythrocytes are red blood cells.

Galacto- milk.Galactose-Milk Sugur; Galactosemia is the lack of ability to digest one of milk's sugars. Gastro- stomach, belly. Gastric juices are produced in the stomach. Glosso- tongue. Hypoglossal means "below the tongue". Glyco- sugar. Glycosuria is sugar in the urine.

Hema- blood. Hemaglobin is a large molecule of the red blood cell. Hepato- liver. The hepatic vein drains blood away from the liver. Hyster- uterus. Hysterectomy is the removal of the uterus.

Ileo- ileum. Part of the small intestine. Ilio- ilium. Part of the hip bone.

Lachry- tears. Lacrimal glands secrete tears. Leuko- white. Leukocytes are white cells of the blood. (see alba-) Lingua- tongue. Sublingual glands are beneath the tongue. (see glosso-) Lipo- fat. Liposuction is the removal of fat by suction tube. Lith- stone. Shock wave lithotripsy is a treatment for breaking up kidney stones. Lumbo- lower back. Lumbar vertebrae are located in the lower back.

Macul- spot, blotch. The macula lutea is a spot on the retina of an eyeball.

Mamm- breast. Mammogram is a picture of a breast, usually a female breast.

Mast- breast. Aren't we showing our obsession with breasts?

Meningo- membrane. Meninges are the coverings of the brain and spinal cord.

Metro- uterus. Endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus. (see hystero-)

Morpho- shape. Endomorphs are people whose physical shape extends to the limits of human dimension.

Myelo- spinal cord. Poliomyelitis is inflammation of the grey matter of the spinal cord.